
QUESTIONS 




ON THE 



ESSENTIALS 



OF 



CLASSICAL GEOGEAPHY. 



FOK USE WITH ANY GOOD CLASSICAL MAPS. 



BY 



R. E." AVERY, A, M.' 



V.5 ^ 1 ^ 



poul^xey: 

FRISBIE AND HA^LES, PEIXTEES. 

mi. 



m^. 



n 



I 



QUESTIONS 



ox THE 





FOR I'SE WITE ANY GftOfi ilASSIfAl MAPS, 



. R. E. AVERY, A. M., 

IXSTRUOTOK IX GREEK AXD LATIN IX TROY CONFERENCE 
ACADEMY. 



poultney: 

FRISBIE AND HAYLES, PRINTERS. 

1877. 



ir 



ifA 



PREFACE. 



These Questions have been prepared to meet a want 
experienced in the class-room. They are designed to give 
the amount of Ancient Geography which it is essential that 
a student of the Classics should know, at the smallest ex- 
pense of time. They may be employed with any of the 
atlases in common use. The parts marked I. are to be learned 
without exception ; those marked II. contain names less im- 
portant generally, and wanting in some maps. The standard 
atlases contain them, and it is recommended that they be 
learned when practicable, particularly those relating to Greece 
and Italy. 

To assist in assiffninoj lessons, numbers have been in- 
serted, making the divisions of labor as nearly equal as the 
subjects vtdll allow. 



Copyright, 1877, by R. E. Avery. 



CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 



ASIA. 

I. Describe* the Tigris River ; the Euphrates. Beginning 
at the headwaters, name in order the countries touched by 
these riyers. What countries lay east of the Persian 
Gulf? What country included most of the tenitory be- 
tween the Euphrates and the Mediterranean? What two 
small countries south-west of Syria on the eastern coast of 
the Mediterranean ? Locate Arabia Petr^a and Arabia 
Felix. 

Cities and Towns. — Locate each. 

I. Nixus or Nineveh (the capital of the Assyrian Empire, 
destroyed B. C. 606); Babylon; Cunaxa (Cyrus the 
Younger being slain in battle, the Ten Thousand Greeks 
commence their retreat, B. C. 401) ; Arbela (near which 
Alexander gained his final victory over the Persians, B. C. 
331); Edessa: SrsA ; Ecbatana ; Pasargadae ; Jerusa- 
lem; Tyrus; Sidox; Damascus; Antiochia ; Palmyra. 



* Describe a river by stating where it rises, and in what direction, and 
into what water it flows. 



ASIA MIS"OE. 

I. Beginning on the south, name in order the waters 
which bound Asia Minor. ISTame the divisions, and bound 
each. Which border on the Euxine ? on the Propontis ? on 
the JEgean? on the Mediterranean? Which have no sea- 
coast ? Represent the amount of territory in Asia Minor, by 
comparing it with a modern country. 

3. 

Mountains. — Locate each. 

I. Taurus ; Ida (Paris here adjudged the prize of beauty 
to Venus, — said to have derived its name from the Cretan 
Mt. Ida) ; Tmolus (noted for its vineyards) ; Mycal^ (Per- 
sians defeated by the Greeks on the same day as at Plataaa, 
B. C. 479) ; Olympus (a range of mountains which must be 
distinguished from those in Cyprus and Europe) ; Diis^DYirus 
(on the frontier of Galatia, sacred to Cybele). 

Promontories. — Locate each. 

II. SiGEUM (according to Homer, the place of the Grecian 
capip during the seige of Troy); Lectum; Tm opium (the 
center of union for the states of Doris). 

Gulfs. — Locate each. 

I. Issicus or Issus ; Pamphylicus ; Cebamicus or Sinus 
DoRiDis; H-EMus or G. of Smyrna. 



Rivers. — Describe each. 

I. Halts; Sangaritjs; Meander; Gkanicus (the first 
of three victories by which Alexander overthrew the Persian 
empire, B. C. 334) ; Scamaxder or Xanthus (must be dis- 
tinguished from the Xanthus in Lycia) ; Simois ; Hermus 
(with its tributary, Pactolus, noted for its golden sands) ; 
Catstrus ^^^) (frequented by swans. Its valley was the 
"Asian Meadow") ; Eurymedon (Persians defeated by the 
Greeks under Ciraon, B. C. 469) ; Cydnus (on which Cleo- 
patra sailed with much magnificence to meet Antony). 

Island. — Cyprus. 

I. What is the length of this island ? Name and locate its 
mountains. Locate Paphos ; Citium ; Salamis. 

4. 

Cities and Towns. — Locate each. 

I. Trapezus, Trehizond\ Ti^i.^ (Caesar announced the 
victory which he here gained over Pharnaces, in a letter to 
the Senate, consisting of the words, *' Yeni, Yidi, Yici,'' B. C. 
47) ; SiNOPE ; Nictea (first oecumenical, A. D. 325) ; Nico- 
MEDiA; Chalcedon; Cyzicus (opposcd a celebrated and 
successful resistance to the siege of Mithridates, B. C. 75) ; 
Lampsacus; Abydos; Troja; Pergamum (^s) (noted for 
its library, and as the place where parchment was first used 
in writing) ; PhocuEa ; Smyrna; Colophon; Ephesus; Mag- 
nesia AD SiPYLUM (the Romans gained the battle which se- 
cured them the empire of the East, B. C. 190, — must be dis- 



tinguished from Magnesia ad Maeandrum) : Sardis; Miletus; 
Halicarnassus (birthplace of Herodotus and Dionysius, — 
contained the Mausoleum); Cnidus( Pisander, the Spartan, 
defeated by Conon, the Athenian, B. C. 394); Xanthus; 
Patara; Perga; Selucia; Tarsus (the birthplace of St. 
Paul, and. a famous seat of learning); Issus (second great 
victory of Alexander over the Persians, B. C. 333) ; Colos- 
si; Laodicea; Iconium ; Lystra; Derbe; Gordium. 



II. Cotyora; Amasia; Amisus; Themiscyra; Cytorus; 
Prusa ad Olympum; Heraclea Pontica; Dardanus; 
Adramyttium ; Teos; Clazomene; Telmes^^^); Phase- 
Lis; Attalia; Selga; Soli or Pompeiopolis; Coracesium 
(headquarters of the Cilician pirates, taken by Porapey, B. 
C. 66) ; Ipsus (battle between the generals of Alexander 
and death of Antigonus, B. C. 301) ; Pessinus (the chief 
seat of the worship of Cybele, whose image was taken hence 
to Rome, in obedience to an oracle of the Sibylline books) ; 
AxcYRA ; Tyana ; Cabira or Sebaste. 



6. 

THEACE A]^D MACEDOISriA. 

I. Bound Thracia; Macedonia. Describe the Hebrus 
River; the Strymon. Name and locate four penmsulas pro- 
jecting from Macedonia. Name and locate the four gulfs on 



which they border. Locate H^mus Ms.; Athos M. (Zerxes 
cut a canal for his fleet between it and the mainland, traces 
of which are still visible). 

Cities and Towns. — Locate each 

I. Abdeka; (h) Adrianopolis; Byzantium, Co?? sf<:m^?';?op/e 
(made the capital of the Roman Empire, A. D. 330); Thes- 
salonica; Philippi; Sestos (Xerxes connected this with 
Abydos by a bridge of boats) ; ^gospotami ^^s) (tji^ cap- 
ture of the Athenian fleet here virtually decided the Pelo- 
ponesian War, B. C. 405) ; Olynthus. 



■ GEEEOE. 

I. Represent the area of Greece by comparing it with some 
modern country. What is the character'of the surface? Be- 
ginning on the north-east, name in order the waters which 
bound it. Bound Epirus; Thessaly. Name the other di- 
visions north of the Isthmus of Corinth, and bound each. 
Name and bound each of the remaining^ divisions of Greece. 
What gulfs partially separate Central Greece or Hellas from 
Epirus and Thessaly? What from Peloponesus? 
2 



10 

8. 

Mountains. — Locate each. 

I. PiNDUs; Cambunii; Cerauxii; Ossa; Pelion; Par- 
nassus (contained the Castalian fountain whose waters im- 
parted the spirit of poetry) ; HELicoisr (sacred to Apollo and 
the Muses); CiTii^ERox; Parxes; Pentelicus; Eryman- 
THus; Taygetus. 

Promontories. — Locate each. 

I. Sunium; Scyll^um; Malea; T^narum; Chelonates; 
AcTiuM (oiF this Augustus gained the victory over. Antony 
and Cleopatra, which gave him the Roman Empire, B. C. 31). 

Gulfs. — Describe* each. 

I. Pegas^us; Maliacus; Saronicus; Argolicus; La- 
coNicus; Messenicus; Cyparissus; Corinthiacus; Am- 

BRACIUS. 

9. 

Rivers. — Describe each. 

I. Archelous; Sperchius; Peneus (in Thessaly); Eve- 
Nus; Cephisus; Peneus (in Elis) ; Alpheus; PamIsus; 
EuROTAs; Inachus (in Argolis). 

*Describe a gulf by telling from what water, and into what land It pro- 
jects. 



11 

Lakes. — Locate each. 

I. CoPAis ; Teichoxis ; Bcebeis : Sty.mphalis. 

Cities, Towns, &c. — Locate each. 

I. Larissa; Pharsalus (in the plain of Pharsalia Caesar 
gained his decisive victory over Pompey, B. C. 48) ; Tempe 
(a celebrated vale, extending about five miles along the River 
Peneus); Iolcus (the city from which the Argonauts sailed 
inquest of the Golden Fleece); Ambracia; Dodona (the 
seat of an oracle of Zeus, the most ancient in Greece) ; Ac- 
tium; Thermopyl^ (Leonidas with 300 Spartans fell in de- 
fending this pass against the army of Xerxes, B. C. 480) ; 
Delphi (the chief seat of the worship of Apollo, noted for 
its oracle, and as the place where the Pythian games were 
celebrated, and the Amphictyonic Council convened) ; 
Thebje; Orchomenus; Plat^a (by the \dctory gained here 
over Mardonius, and the battle of Mycale fought on the same 
day, Greece was delivered from the invasions of the Persians, 
B. C, 479); Coronea; Ch^roxea (three battles — the most 
important made Philip of Macedon master of Greece, B. C. 
338); Tanagra; Eleusis; Marathox (Miltiades with 11,- 
000 Greeks defeated 110,000 Persians, B. C. 490); Megara 

10. 

^gium; Elis; Olympia (on the River Alpheus — contained 
a grove sacred to Zeus, which was adorned with numerous 
temples, statues, and public buildings. The Olympian games 
occurred here once in four years) ; Py^los (there were two 



12 

towns of this name in Elis, and one in Messenia. The one 
in the sonth-west part of Elis is supposed to have been the 
city of Nestor) ; Ithome; Messeiste; Laced^mon or Sparta; 
Argos . Mycenae ; ISTemea (here Hercules slew the Nemean 
lion); Epidaurus; Troezexe; Mantiis^ea (Epaminondas 
killed while gaining his greatest victory over the Spartans 
and Mantineans, B.C. 362); Tegea; Megalopolis; Coe- 
iNTHFS ; Lech^eum ; Cenchre^e; Phlius; Sicyon. 

II. Cynocephal^e (second Macedonian war decided for 
the Romans by the defeat of Philip V., B. C. 197); Antic- 
YRA (two towns of this name — one in Phocis, the other in 
Thessaly, noted for their hellebore, the ancient remedy for 
madness): Demetrias; Pherje ; Lamia ; Buthrotum; Nicop- 
OLis (built by Augustus in honor of his victory at Actium) ; 
Thermum (place of meeting of the JEtolian Confederacy) ; 
Calydon; Amphissa; Opus; Elatea; Thespi^; Leuctea 
(victory of the Thebans under Epamindonas, B. C. 371) ; De- 
LTUM ; Haliartus ; AuLis ; Decelea ; Helice ; Patr^ ; Cyl- 
LENE ; Pisa ; Helos ; Sellasia ; Nauplia ; Hermione. 

11. 

Athens. 

II. In what part of Attica was Athens ? How far from the 
sea ? How was it connected with its harbors ? What river 
east of the city ? What one west ? Locate each of the follow- 
ing : PiR^us ; MuNYCHiA ; Phalerum ; Lyceum ; Lyca- 
BETTUsM. ; AcADEMiA ; Ceramicus ; Museum ; Areopagus; 
Pnyx (here was the Bema, a portion of the native rock hewn 



13 

into a rectangular form, from which the orators addressed the 
Athenian multitude ;) Agora ; Acropolis ; Propyl^ea ; 
Erechtheum ; Parthenon ; Dionysiac Theatre ; Temple 
OF Theseus ; Temple of Jupiter Olympus. 

12. 

Islands. — Locate each. 

I. Thapos (noted for its gold mines); Samothrace ; Imbros; 
Lemxos (sacred to Vulcan) ; Tenedos (near Troy — the hid- 
ing place of the Greeks on the night of the capture of that 
city) ; Lesbos (belonged to ^olis) ; Chios ; Samos (Chios 
and Samos belonged to Ionia) ; Cos ; Rhodes ; Carpathos 
(the last three belonged to Doris) ; Icaria ; Patmos (the 
place of St. John's banishment) ; Axdros ; Mycoj^os ; Delos 
(celebrated for the oracle and worship of Apollo, also as a 
political and commercial center) ; Naxos ; Paros (famed 
for its white marble — the birthplace of Phidias) ; Mslos ; 
Creta ; EuBOEA ; -^gina ; Salamis (great naval victory by 
the Greeks over Xerxes, B. C. 480) ; Scyros ; Cythera ; 
Strophades ; Zacynthus; Cepallenia ; Ithaca (the home 
of Ulysses) ; Leucadia ; Corcyra. The Cyclades include 
the islands which cluster around Delos. The scattered islets 
to the east and south-east of these were called Sporades. 

Insular Cities, &c. — Locate each. 

II. MiTYLEXE ; Cnossus ; GoRTYNA ; Ida M. ; Dicte M. ; 
Chalcis ; Artemisium ; Eretria. 



14 
13. 

AFEIOA. 

I. Tracing the coast of the Mediterranean from east to 
west, name the following divisions in the order in which they 
occur on the map : Numidia, Cyrenaica, 'Mauritania, 
Africa, Egyptfs. Which has the most seacoast? Locate 
Syrtis Major, Syrtis Minor, Atlas M, Mare Rubrum or 
Arabicus Sinus, Flumen Nilus, Gaetulia, Garnamantes. 

Cities, &c. — Locate each. 

I. Theb.e (the most ancient Egyptian capital. Its ruins 
are among the most magnificent in the world) ; Memphis ; 
Alexandria; Berenice; Syene; Heliopolis; Canopus ; 
Sais ; Pelusium ; Cyrene (a Greek city beautifully situated 
on high ground, eight miles from the sea) ; Leptis Magna ; 
Carthago ; Utica ; Zamia (Scipio defeated Hannibal and 
decided the second Punic war in favor of the Romans, B. C- 
202) ; Hippo Regius ; Abyla and Calpe or Columns of 
Hercules. 



14. 

ITALY. 

I. What is the length of Italy from the Alps to the south- 
ern extremity ? Represent its area by comparing it with some 
modern country.. Name in order the waters which bound it, 
beginning on the northeast. 



15 

Divisions. — Bound each. 

I. Etruria.; Umbria ; Picenum; Latium; Samnium; 
Campania; Apulia; Lucania ; Brutiltm. Locate the fol- 
lowing: Gallia Cisalpixa ; Vexetia; Ligu ria ; His- 
tria; SabIxum ; Calabria. 

Mountains. — Locate each. 

L Alpes; Apexnixus (greatest height 9521 feet) ; Ve- 
suvius. 

II. Sacer (the place to which the Plebeians retired in 
their secessions, — three miles from Rome) ; Albaxus ; Mas- 
sicus (noted for its wines); Vultur. 

15. 

Promontories. — Locate each, 

L Gargaxum ; Iapygium ; Herculis ; Circeil 

Gulfs. — Locate each. 

I. Tergestixus or Tergeste; Tarextixus; P^sta- 
xus or P^stum; Cumanus or Crater; Ligusticus. 

XL Urias; Scylacius; Terix^us or TerIxa ; Laus, 

Rivers. — Describe each. 

I. Padus; Ticixus (Hannibal gained his first gTeat victory 
after crossing the Alps, B. C. 218); Trebia (HannibaFs 



16. 

second victory) RubIco (celebrated on account of the pas- 
sage by wliich Caesar invaded the Republic, B. C. 49.) Me- 
TAURUS (Hasdriibal, the brother of Hannibal, defeated and 
slain, B. C 207.); Aufidus; Aenus; Tibkris or Tiber; 
Anio; Liris. 

11. Tanarus ; AxHiisis; Claris ; Nar; Velinus; Yul- 
turnus ; SiLARUs ; Cremera ; Alia (victory of the Gauls, 
which opened Rome to them, B. C. 390). 

16. 

Lakes. — Locate each. 

I. Trasimexus (Flaminius defeated by Hannibal, B. C. 
217) ; FuciNus (drained by a channel cut by the Emperor 
Claudius, still nearly perfect) ; Albanus (drained by a chan 
nel cut durmg the seige of Veil, and still extant.) 

II. Verbaxus; Larius ; Benacus; SevInus; Yulsinien 
SIS; Regillus (final victory of the Romans over Tarquin 
and the Latins, B. C. 498) ; Avekxus. 

Cities and Towns. — Locate each. 

I. Mediolanum ; Cremona ; Maxtua (near here in the 
village of Andes, Yirgil was born, B. C. 70.) Mutika; 
Ravenna ; Campi Raudii (Marius defeated the Cimbri, B. 
C. 101.); Patavium; Aquileia; Pisa (*) ; Arretium ; 
Perusia; Clusium ; Falerii ; Yeii (the most formidable 
of the early rivals of Rome, taken by Camillus after a siege 
of ten years); Ariminum; Ancona; Asculum; Reate ; 

CORFINIUM. 



17 

17. 
OsTiA (tlie port of Rome); Laueextum ; Layixium; 
Aedea ; Ax'TiuM (deprived of its sliips for revolting, tlie 
beaks {i^ostra) of which were used to adorn the speaker's 
platform in the Fonmi) ; Alba Lox'GA ; Arpixum (the birth- 
place of Cicero and Marius); Tusculum; Pr^exeste; Cax- 
N^ (the Romans crushingly defeated by Hannibal, B. C. 
216); Beuxdusium (passage to Greece Avas usually taken 
from this port); Caxusium ; Capua; Bai^ ; ISTeapolis; 
Heecclaxeu3i; Po3ipeii; Nola; Vexusia (the birthplace 
of Horace, B. C. 65); Taeextum; Metapoxtum; Heea- 
clea; Sybaeis; Ceotox (^**) (the seat of the school of 
Pythagoras, and the residence of the athlete jMilo) ; Locri 
Epizephyeii ; Rhegium; P^stum. 



18, 



XL . Placextia ; Comum; Yeeoxa; Tergeste ; Pola ; 
F^suL^ (the headquarters of Cataline's army) ; Coetox^a; 
SextIxum (the scene of the self-immolation- of the younger 
Decius and the decisive victory over the Samnites and their 
allies, which established the supremacy of the Romans in 
Italy, B. C. 2&4) ; C^ee or Agylla ; Cuees ; Teeeacix'a 
or AxxuE ; Coeioli ; Laxlvium ; Luceeia, 

Roads. 

II. Trace Yia Appia to Brundusium ; Via LatIxa to 
Beneventum ; Via Flamix^ia et Emilia to Aqueleia ; Via 
AuEELiA to Forum Julii. 



18 

Roma. 

II. On the boundaries of what divisions was Rome? On 
which side of the Tiber? How far from the sea? Name in 
order the Seven Hills, beginning with the Capitoline and 
making the circuit toward the right. Locate Jajsticulitm, 
Campus Martius, the Foeum, Taepeian Rock, Colosseum, 
PANTHEOisr, Baths of Caeacalla, of Titus, of Diocletian, 
Circus Maximus, Castea Pe^toeia. 

Islands. — Locate each. 

I. SiciLiA.; Saedinia; Coesica; Ilva ; Melita. Name 
the three promontories at the angles of Sicily. What group 
of islands north west of Pelorum Pr.? What north-west of 
Lilybaeum Pr.? . 

Locate Syeacus^, AgeigentuMj Lilybjeum, Panoemus^ 
^TNA M., Caealis. 

— — ^ai- 

19, 

GALLIA. 

1. Bound Gallia. How is it separated from Hispania? 
How from Italy? Name and locate its four divisions. 
Locate Cevennes or Cebenna M., Vosegus M., Lacus 
Lemanus. 

Rivers. — Describe each, 

I. Phenus, Hhine ; Sequana, Seine y' Ligee, Loire/ 
Gaeumna, Garonne j Rhodatstus, Mhone. Locate the 

MossELLA, the MosA, the Scaldis. 



19 
TowNS.^ — Locate each. 

I. Massilia (founded by Greeks from Asia Minor, B. C. 
600, noted for its literature and commerce) ; Aqu^ Sexti^ 
(Marius defeated the Teutoni, B. C. 102); Geneva; Nemai- 
.sus, JVismes ; Narbo, JVccrbonne j Tolosa, Toulouse/ 
LuGDiTNUM, Lyons; Mediolanum; Vesoktio; Lutetia. 

Tribes. — Locate each. 

II. Allobeoges; Pictones; JEduii Boii; Helvetit; 
Sequani; Lingones ; Senones; Osismi; Remi; Tkeviei; 
MoRiNi ; Menapii. 



hispania. 

I. Name and locate its three divisions. Locate the Pity- 
US.E Insula, Baxeaeis Majoe, Baleaeis Mtnoe. 

Rivers. — Describe each. 

I. Tagus; Axas; Bjetis, Guadalquivir; Iberus, ^Jroy 
DuRius, Douro. 

Towns. — Locate each. 

I. Saguntum; Carthago Nova, Carthagena ; Numan- 
TiA; Gades, Cadiz ; Coedu^ba, Cordova (the birthplace of 
the two Senecas). 



20 

20. 

BRITANNIA* 
I. Locate each of the following : 

Divisions. — Valentia; Maxima Cjesariensis ; Flavia 
C/ESARiENSis ; Britannia Secunda; Britannia Prima. 
Seas. — Germanicus; Britannicus; Yerginius; Hiber- 

NiCUS. 

Islands. — Orcades, Orkneys; Ebudes, Hebrides /rim-L:E', 
MoNACEDA, Man; Mona, Anglesey; Vectis, Isle of Wight; 
HiBERNiA, Ireland. 

Towns. — LoNDiNiuM, Xo^f?o^y Verulanium, St. Alba?is; 
Eboracum, l^ork; Eblana, Dublin. 

Walls. — Name and locate two walls built by the Romans. 

Tribes. — IcENi; Trinobantes ; Cantii; Belg^e. 

Hivers. — Describe each: Tamesis, Thames; Sabrina, 
Severn; Abus, Humber. 



CENTRAL AND NORTHERN EUROPE. 

Divisions. — Bound each. 

I. Scandinavia; Germania; Sarmatia; Yindelicia; 
Rhetia; Noricum; Pannonia; Illyricum; Dacia; Mcesia. 

Towns. — Locate each 

I. SiNGiDUNUM, Belgrade; Yindobona, Vienna; Juva- 
vum, Salzburg; Augusta Yindelicorum, Augsburg. 

Rivers. — Describe each. 

I. Albis, Elbe; Yistula; Borysthenes, Z>?^^e;t)er/ Ister, 

Danube. ) 



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019 699 148 7 



